Feminist Movement Margaret Atwood And Germaine Greer Essay

Today when one thinks of feminism many sneer and roll their eyes in displeasure, perhaps remembering the bra-burning, empowered and angry feminists of the mainly 1970’s feminist movement featuring Margaret Atwood and Germaine Greer. It is easy, apparently, to forget that while things are still far from perfect for women there was a time in fact not very long ago when women were denied the most basic human rights. It comes as no surprise that women took to alternative ways of vocalising what everyone desperately tried to quash. Literature and art became vessels for the struggles and opinions of those that society tried so incredibly hard to push back into the kitchen. One of the best ways for women to express their dissatisfaction with the deeply patriarchal and oppressive society that they had been raised within was through art, which severely lacked female historical representation until this point. The USA was a centre-place for this movement but there is no denying the huge feminist presence that emanated from New Zealand. Documented as one of the first female artists in New Zealand to paint from a female perspective, Jacqueline Fahey paints narrative insights into her life, echoing that of many women at the time. She utilized her paintings to not only narrate her daily life but to make radical insights and critiques about the lives of many women, suburban or fellow artists, of the time. Art has evolved in the past few centuries. What was once about exclusive religiousShow MoreRelatedWomens Rights - A Chronicle of Reform1701 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Rights- A Chronicle of Reform 1) Books to Read on the Women’s Movement: The Feminist Mystique (Betty Friedan, 1963) In The Feminist Mystique, Betty Friedan combats the notion that women could only find fulfillment and be successful by having children and taking care of the home. This book sparked a re-emergence in the feminist movement and is widely attributed for converting more supporters for the cause. Her book describes the unhappy status of women in the ‘50s and 60’s and found

Philosophy Paper on Gods Existence Free Essays

Tiera Suggs R. McCashland Philosophy 101 Final Paper Final Philosophy Paper I will oppose Bertrand Russell’s view that believing in God is trivial and that of humans poor imagination. I will use Tim Holt’s â€Å"Philosophy of Religion† to show how believing in God is more logical than not. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Paper on Gods Existence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Russell uses a few arguments to try an disprove the existence of God in â€Å"Why I am not a Christian. † I will address the â€Å"First Cause Argument,† the â€Å"Design Theory Argument,† and the â€Å"Morality Argument. † I will touch briefly on what Russell believes and then use common and widely accepted theories to refute Russell. Russell uses many reasons to support his disbelief of God and refutes many known theories explaining God but I will focus on his main points. First of which being, â€Å"The First-Cause Argument,† which basically means everything we know has a cause and no matter how far back existence is traced, there is chain events of causes leading back to one cause. Russell rebuked this argument by quoting an autobiography by John Stuart Mills,†My father taught me that the question ‘Who made me? ‘ cannot be answered, since it immediately suggests the further question `Who made god? That sentence for Russell confirms that God mustn’t exist, he also says our poor imagination created the idea of God (Russell Why I am not a Christian). Russell fails to logically disprove Gods existence because he did not adequately cast doubt upon the many other arguments that have a clearer, more philosophical standpoint. The Cosmological Argument simply states: (1) Everything that e xists has a cause of its existence.? (2) The universe exists.? Therefore:? (3) The universe has a cause of its existence.? (4) If the universe has a cause of its existence, then that cause is God.? Therefore:? (5) God exists. It does not seem logical or ideal to use an authors autobiography to try and disprove a widely accepted theory. Any person can take a set of ideas and say, â€Å"this is wrong because†¦ † but one must justify ones point. Russell’s argument carries no weight because it is not adequately philosophical. Even if you try and refute the Cosmological Argument on the grounds of saying, if everything has a cause then shouldn’t God? The Kalam Cosmological Argument takes it a step further by saying there is a difference between God and the universe, the universe has a beginning in time subjecting it to be caused/created. Since God has no beginning in time, then he is not subject to be caused/created (Holt Philosophy of Religion). The Cosmological Argument used along with the Kalam Cosmological Argument make Russell’s standpoint weaken and seem arbitrary. The next point Russell attacks in â€Å"Why I am not a Christian† is the Design Theory, which states: â€Å"Everything in the world is made just so that we can manage to live in the world, and if the world was ever so little different, we could not manage to live in it. † Russell denies that belief by saying, â€Å"†¦ ince the time of Darwin we understand much better why living creatures are adapted to their environment. It is not that their environment was made to be suitable to them but that they grew to be suitable to it, and that is the basis of adaptation. There is no evidence of design about it. † What makes his standpoint questionable is the fact that he is trying to simplify the complexity of the nature of hum ans and leaves it to coincidence.. Yes we adapt to our surroundings but how? By chance? That is too unbelievable, organs as complicated as the heart or lungs function sequentially because of chance? That notion is not logical. In â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†, The Teleological Argument however is, stating that the world was created and exists with a purpose in mind. The universe is a ordered system and nothing is left to chance. The Teleological Argument is more believable than Russell’s ‘just because’ so called reasonings. Russell’s next argument is that of morality. He believes God is not the reason for right and wrong, because if you believe in God, you believe he is all good. So how can something all good create wrong? But one can refute Russell’s statement by simply saying, morality is a set of commands so there ust be a commander (Holt Philosophy of religion). The Formal Moral Argument states: (1) Morality consists of a set of commands.? (2) For every command there is a commander.? Therefore:? (3) There is a commander that commanded morality.? (4) Commands only carry as much authority as does their commander.? (5) Morality carries u ltimate authority.? Therefore:? (6) The commander that commanded morality carries ultimate authority.? (7) Only God carries ultimate authority.? Therefore:? (8) The commander that commanded morality is God.? Therefore:? (9) God exists. The Formal Moral Argument seems more plausible than Russell’s theory. It follows a clear system and answers questions of morality, while Russell just bears the conclusion of God is good so there cannot be bad. Again, Russell’s theories are illogical and incomplete compared to ones he is trying to disprove. Russell fails to clarify his statement, his argument is not convincing and is a premature conclusion about God that he cannot even validate. Russell obviously holds some strong convictions against Christianity and God in general. But his reasoning and conclusions are not philosophical, therefore rendering them illogical and mundane. Russell’s argument is not as valid as he thinks. One needs reasons in proving or disproving something, not just banters and foolish inquires. Russell is foolish in saying God was created by humans with a poor overactive imagination, he is filled with more imagination to believe the universe and everything in it was just a random coincidence. Russell’s attempts are weak and vague, not enough to disprove complete logical statements. Works Cited Holt, Tim. â€Å"Philosophy of Religion. † 2008. 23, Nov. 2009. . Russell, Bertrand. â€Å"Why I am not a Christian. † edited by John R. Lenz for the Bertrand Russell Society. 1996. 23, Nov. 2009. How to cite Philosophy Paper on Gods Existence, Papers

history of modern psychoanalytic thought.

Question: Discuss about the history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Answer: The paper critically evaluates the characters of the movie Three men and a baby, where the central character is the baby and the importance is given to the men-baby relationship nexus. Therefore, an attempt is made to examine the nature of their relationship with the infant by using the relevant theories from the field of psychology, such as John Bowlbys attachment theory, Erk Eriksons trust vs mistrust theory, Harry Harlows theory and Sigmund Freuds theory of child and adolescent development. At the same time, the paper explores the integration of the psychological theories and cinematic situations. To start with, the paper uses the psychological theories and weaves them into the writing. It makes an attempt to relate the theories with the particular situations from the popular cinema, Three men and a baby. As it is known, the movie revolves around three doting and charming fathers, who worked strenuously to parent a few months old infant. In this piece, it is not indispensable to summarize the plot of the movie Three men and a baby. Without delving into the plot, the paper conceptualizes some significant theories and analyzes the central character (infant) by extrapolating the theories to the situations. Erik Erikson adumbrated a theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the development of children in a predetermined fashion. Erikson's theory of psychological development has eight varied stages. The first stage of development is regarded as trust vs mistrust' (Erikson, 2014). The first stage is indispensable, as it witnesses the gradual evolution of an infant from a new-born to a fledgling child. This is the nascent stage of child's development, as during this time the trusting capacity of a child starts to develop. The child begins to develop faith in the service of the caretaker (parenting members), as he knows that his hunger for food will be satiated. At the same time, then the trust factor is depended on the quality and stable performance of the parenting members. As the child develops the trust factor, he feels more safe and comfortable, providing that he gets his food on time. The successful depiction of the stage (trust vs mistrust) is apparent in the movie, Three men a nd a baby. In the movie, the three men started to take an excellent care of the baby (like a mother substitute) and the baby began to grow faith in them. Consequently, the baby learned to trust them in the meantime. Using the attachment theory, developed by the renowned psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, the paper dissects the parenting role of the three men and assesses its impact on the development of the child (Three men and a baby). The attachment theory unravels that the term attachment' is defined as an incessant psychological association with the most favorite person, who acts as an affectionate figure to the person. Likewise, an infant considers mother' the most doting and compassionate figure, as she nurtures the baby and gives him proper affection. Hence, the baby is inextricably linked with his mother through emotion. In the film, Three men and a baby the role of three men is instrumental in nourishing the infant and keeping the infant girl in a comfortable fold. Subsequently, the baby girl developed a clinging factor and was greatly attached to the men. In the movie, the three men assumed the role of the mother substitute and gave proper affection to the growing baby girl. Therefore, Bowlbys maternal attachment theory gets a new shape, as it supports father affection over his counterpart (Goldberg et al., 2013). By deploying Harry Harlow's theory', the paper analyses three men and baby bonding in a detailed manner. The psychologist, Harry F. Harlow deliberated on the experiment with monkeys. They were isolated from their real mothers and were raised by the surrogate mothers. In the experiment, both wire mother and cloth mother were used. Even if the wire mother was the source of nourishment, the monkey developed a level of proximity with the cloth monkey. These infant monkeys were reared by the surrogate mothers until the time of adulthood. Using the Harlow's theory of maternal separation, the paper assesses the role of the three men in nurturing the baby girl. In the movie, the baby girl was isolated from her mother in the first lap. In the second segment of the film, she was fondly raised by three men or (surrogate mother) and played the crucial role in the baby's life. The baby started to develop a feeling of closeness for three men. A sense of attachment and bonding is encapsulated in th e narrative. In the movie, three men worked tirelessly to win over the infant girl and replaced the place of real mother' with ease. Therefore, the theory of Harry Harlow can easily be related to the cinematic situation of the above-mentioned film, Three men and a baby. The next theory, Sigmund Freuds theory of childhood development plays a significant role in addressing the research issues. Freuds theory of childhood development comprises five stages i.e. oral stage, anal stage, phallus stage, latency stage and the stage of puberty. The final stage leads to the smooth transition to the stage of adulthood. By using the base of the Freuds theory, the paper examines the central character and its association with the peripheral characters of the movie, Three men and a baby. Freuds theory of childs development puts an emphasis on particular demand and requirements. The psychologist, Sigmund Freud reflects light on the psychosocial behavioral trend of human beings. He elucidates that at specific stages the individuals have specific needs that need to be accomplished. At any stage, the discontent of the child would lead to the onset of the mental disorder (Freud et al., 2015). In the movie, Three men and a baby, the baby girl started to whine, if she was abandoned by the parenting members. Therefore, the needs of the child should be satisfied, by giving her food. Otherwise, it might distort her development at any stage (Vaughan Rodriguez, 2013). The peripheral characters (three men) worked strenuously to satisfy the needs of the baby, knowing the fact that they were the misfit in the role. In the recent time, the film historians and essayists reflect on the psychological perspective of child-centric or women-centric films. The film, Three men and a Baby bears a psychological plot. The film revolves around a few months old baby, who is reared by three young bachelor men, living together in the United States of America. The film juxtaposes theories and practice. In the process, the filmmaker, Leonard Nimoy, scrupulously used and implemented the psychological theories (Erik Eriksons theory, John Bowlbys and Mary Ainsworth theory, Harry Harlows theory and Sigmund Freuds theory of childhood development). By interpolating these fundamental psychological theories, the director of the film Three men and a baby made it a sensational one (Vaughan Rodriguez, 2013). However, the most important psycho-social theory that was interestingly weaved into the film, Erik Eriks theory trust vs mistrust. In many films, babies play significant plot devices, inasmuch they can spawn enough excitement and mirth. If Erik Erikson's theory of trust vs mistrust' holds to be true, then the baby should not be left to the party-goers and rampant three bachelor men, as shown in the film Three men and a baby. However, the film takes an enthralling turn when the full-grown three adult men began to take a very good care of the baby. Sometimes, they even played more handsomely than the usual mother figure' (Mitchell Black, 2016). These three men of the above-mentioned film nursed the baby extremely well, even better than her mother. Consequently, three men easily gained the confidence of the baby and she started to trust them. The baby became convinced of the fact that she would not remain hungry, as they would definitely feed her on time (Mitchell Black, 2016).Therefo re, the Erik Erikson's theory of trust vs mistrust' is beautifully delineated in the film Three men and a baby. At the same time, John Bowlby's theory of attachment plays a crucial role in molding the central character (infant) in the film Three men and a baby. In the course of the film, the baby developed a strong sense of attachment for three men, who nursed her gently and gave her utmost affection. Subsequently, the baby developed a liaison with three men and responded to their affection with ease (Bowlby Ainsworth, 2013). Based on Harry Harlow's theory of maternal separation, the director of the film brought in an interesting angle in it. The baby was separated from her mother in the first segment. Subsequently, she was reared by three men, who played the role of surrogate mother' (Versaci, 2016). At the same time, Sigmund Freuds theory of childhood development was apparent in the film. The first stage or the oral stage was depicted, where the baby was seen suckling all possible soft items at the house (Otto Keller, 2014).Bereft of the joy of the maternal satisfaction, the baby was left with three men. However, three men play a cardinal role in rearing the baby. Speaking briefly, the film bears a path-breaking plot, bolstered by psychological theories. References Bowlby, J., Ainsworth, M. (2013). The origins of attachment theory.Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives,45. Erikson, E. H. (2014). Eriksons major works.Encyclopedia of Theory Practice in Psychotherapy Counseling, 166. Freud, S., Marullo, R., Einstein, A. (2015). RE-THINKING PSYCHOTHERAPY.Thinking about Thinking: Cognition, Science, and Psychotherapy, 221. Goldberg, S., Muir, R., Kerr, J. (2013).Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Routledge. Mitchell, S. A., Black, M. (2016).Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books. Otto, H., Keller, H. (Eds.). (2014).Different faces of attachment: Cultural variations on a universal human need. Cambridge University Press. Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M. (2013). The Influence of Erik Erikson on Positive Psychology Theory and Research. InPositive Psychology(pp. 231-245). Springer New York. Versaci, R. (2016). Attachment performs: Framing attachment theory within the dramatic worldview.Drama Therapy Review,2(2), 223-237.