The Human Genome Project, What Essay Example For Students

The Human Genome Project, What Essay What would you do if you were given the power to change your geneticcode from brown hair to blond?. Man has had this ability through natural selectionfor some time without knowing it, but in the near future scientist will beable to speed the process of natural selection by changing a persons genes. Scientists have identified what constitutes human DNA located in the nucleusof a cell. The Human Genome Project was established to identify the genesthat make us who we are and is now an international organization. The massivetask of identifying the numerous gene combinations has created a problem. In the nucleus are 22 genomes, plus two sex chromosomes which have alreadybeen identified. In the 22 genome there are approximately 3 billion basepairs of DNA which contain 50,000 to 100,000 genes, a basic unit of heredity. We will write a custom essay on The Human Genome Project, What specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The identification of these base pairs is the goal of the Human Genome Project,which started in 1990 and whose job it is to identify the letters or chromosomesin DNA. These letters represent nulcleotides called adenine, guanine, thyamine,and cytosine (or A, C, T, G). (92 BSCS pg. 1) The Human Genome Projectidea originated in the mid 1980s and was discussed in the scientific communityand media through the latter part of that decade. In the United States thecombined effort of the Department of Energy and the National Institute of Healthwere involved in the project planning. (The National Center For Genetic Reasearch)The Human Genome Project has several goals including identifying the genesof a human assessing the genes and comparing human DNA to that of bacteria,yeasts, the fruit fly, mice, and the Arabidopis thaliana, a small genome plantthat grows rapidly. A major purpose is to determine how evolution proceedsfrom lower organisms to humans, and discover why the smaller genomes of ani malshave less junk or unneeded DNA. Geneticists use two types of maps to characterizethe genes they discovera genetic linkage map and a physical map. A geneticmap registers the distance between the fragments of DNA we know according tothe frequency with which they are inherited. The physical map measures theactual physical distance between two markers. Scientists want to map and developtechnology for rapid genotyping, plus develop markers that are easy to useas well as generate new mapping techniques. (Instrumentation) Scientistscan map genes but it is still expensive. One of the ongoing goals of the HumanGenome Project is to get the cost of mapping a gene down to 50 cents per basepair. (92 HSCS pg.3) The enormous information that is and has been generatedby the project is used to link sites together around the world through theinternet and now some information can be acessed by the general public. Anotherof the project goals is to create a sequencing capacity at a collective rateof 50 Mb per year. This is supposed to result in the completion of 80 Mb bythe end of FY 1998. Many people question whether the Human Genome Projectis worth the money spent on it and will it be used negatively toward thosewho have traits that are considered undesirable by insurance companies andother corporations? The HUMAN GENOME ORGANIZATION has a council of scientistsand doctors worldwide who meet to discuss the effects of identifying an individualsgenes. In the 1996 Genetics Confidentiality and Nondiscrimmination Act anattempt to addresss this issue as noted in Section 2, The DNA molecule containsan individuals genetic information that is uniquely private and inseparatefrom ones identity. Genetic information is being rapidly sequenced and understood. .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .postImageUrl , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:visited , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:active { border:0!important; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:active , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holden Caufield Emphasizes On The Loss Of Innocence In Children. He Fe EssayGenetic information carries special significance. It provides informationabout ones family, and more importantly, provides information about onesself and and ones self perception.Genetic information has been misused,harming individuals through stigmitization and discrimination. The potentialfor misuse is tremendous as genetics transcends medicine and has the potentialto penetrate many aspects of life including health and life insurance, finance,and education. Experts advocate that genetic information should not be collected,stored, analyzed, nor disclosed without the individuals authorization. Curr entlegal protections for genetic information is, however, inadequate. Uniformrules for collection, storage, and use of DNA samples are needed to protectindividual privacy and prevent discrimination while permitting legitimatemedical reasearch. The report further states that the reading of a minorsDNA should be only with parental or legal guardian consent and only if theanalysis benefits the individual. The need for legislation on reading genesmust be addressed prior to the final research breakthrough on this controversialissue in order to avoid discrimination against and protection of individuals. Nineteen states have already enacted laws that ban genetic discrimination. The positive uses, however, for the Human Genome Project far outweigh thenegative. While the Genome Project has major work yet to be done muchhas already been accomplished. A significant discovery is that over halfof the genes sequenced were previously unknown even though mass genetic mappinghad taken place over the last decade. The project revealed that yeast has12 million base pairs and 6,000 genes. The yeast gene has already providedscientists with a valuable insight into medical disorders such as cancer, neurologicalproblems, and skeletal disorders. The project was completed some two yearsahead of schedule because of mass automation and the fact that over a 100 laboratoriesin the United States, Canada, European Union, the United Kingdom, and Japanparticipated in the research. The genes were sequenced 55 % by the Europeans,17 % by the Sanger Centre, 15 % by WUSL, 7 % Stanford Universioty, 4 % by MCGillUniversity in Canada, 2 % by the Institute of Physical and Chemical ReasEarchin Japan. The start of the Yeast Genome hunt began in 1950 when Robert Mortimertried to map all of the genes in the DNA of the yeast organism. Then inthe 1980s Maynard Olson made a physical map of the genes of yeast by cloningoverlapping DNA fragments. The project spent some 30 million dollars to finishthe study.( Yeast Genome Sequenced)The Human Genome Project is a continuingquest and will be supported for several years until it completes the entiregene sequence for humans and compares it to the genes of the other organisms. The planned goals until 1998 include completing a sequence tagged site physicalof the human genome at a resolution of 100Kb. The organisms that are supposedto be identified are a map of the mouse at a resolution of 300Kb, EscheriaColi and Drosophilia melanogaster and bringing C. elegans to near completion. Comparisions of mice DNA with selected portions of human DNA are areas ofhigh biological interest. The organiztion will continue to identify issuesand policies surrounding the ethical end of the genome debate, foster greateracceptance of human and genetic variation, enhance and expand public knowledgeand professional education, diversify and expand the transfer of technologyboth into and out of centers of genome reasearch. The price of reasearch isincreasing as more and more labs become involved with the project. The projectsgoals are projected to cost almost 200 million annually in comparison with170 million for the FY 1994. The knowledge and potential that the HumanGenome Project will produce are astronomical. Identification of inheriteddiseases could be found in the fetus and then changed to both save lives andprevent devasting diseases. The Human Genome Project is, and will, be an ongoingproject for many years to come. Today we know just one-tenth of what researchwill reveal in a short few years yet we already have the knowledge to changeand alter genes. Currently, this power is limited but in the near future scientistwill have control over a factor originally associated with only natural reproduction. .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .postImageUrl , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:visited , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:active { border:0!important; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:active , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Story - What's in a Name? EssayUndoubtly, man will continue to be progressive and aggressive in this fieldof research. And who knowsmaybe the reality of Jurassic Park literallyis only a few years away. BibliographyThe Human Genome Organization. http://hugo.gdb.org/Imapact of the Human Genoe Project www.gdb.org/Dan/Doe/prim5.htmlInstrumentation. www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human-genome/resource/instrumentation.html MicroorganismsGenetic Information Yields Scientific Suproses, Poteneial Biotech Applicationswww.ornl.gov/TechResources /HumanGenome/archive/methanoc. htmlRevised 5 YearReasearech Goals of the U.S. Human Genome Project. Human Genome News, November1993The Genetics Copnfidentially and Nondiscrimination Act- SummaryTheScience and Technology of the Human Genome Project, The American Medical Association,1992

The Harold Long Form Improv Game Activity

The Harold Long Form Improv Game Activity The Harold is a long form improv activity first developed in the 60s by theater director/teacher Del Close. Long-form improvisational activities allow actors more time to develop believable characters and organic storylines. Whether the performance is a comedy or a drama is entirely up to the cast members. Long form improv can last from 10 to 45 minutes (or beyond)! If done well, it can be absolutely mesmerizing. If done poorly it can elicit snoring sounds from the audience. It begins with a suggestion from the audience. Can someone name an object?Okay, people, choose an emotion.What is an activity you did yesterday?Name your favorite / least favorite word. Once selected, the word, phrase, or idea becomes the centerpiece for the Harold. There are limitless ways to begin the improv. Here are a few possibilities: Each cast member delivers an impromptu monolog.A word association game is played.The cast does an interpretative dance based on the suggestion.Each cast member recaps a personal (or fictional) memory connected with the audiences suggestion. The Basic Structure During the opener, cast members should listen intently and utilize some of the material In later scenes. The opening scene is usually followed by: Three vignettes related to the theme.A group theater game (involving some or all cast members).Several more vignettes.Another group theater game.Two or three final scenes that pull together the various themes, characters, and ideas that have been developing throughout the performance. Heres an example of what might happen: The Opener Cast member: (Speaking cheerfully to the audience.) For our next scene, we need a suggestion from the audience. Please name the first word that comes to mind. Audience Member: Popsicle! The cast members might then gather around, pretending to look at a popsicle. Cast Member #1: You are a popsicle. Cast Member #2: You are cold and sticky. Cast Member #3: You are in a freezer next to the waffles and beneath the empty ice cube tray. Cast Member #4: You come in many flavors. Cast Member #1: Your orange flavor tastes like orange. Cast Member #2: But your grape flavor tastes nothing like a grape. Cast Member #3: Sometimes your stick tells a joke or a riddle. Cast Member #4: A man in an ice cream truck carries you from one neighborhood to the next, while sugar-starved children chase after you. This can go on a lot more, and as stated above there are many different variations of the Harold beginning. Typically, whatever is mentioned in the opening might become a theme or a topic of an upcoming scene. (Thats why having a good memory is a bonus for Harold participants.) Stage One Next, the first set of three brief scenes begins. Ideally, they might all touch upon the theme of popsicles. However, the actors may choose to draw out other ideas mentioned in the moderators monolog (childhood nostalgia, dealing with grown-ups, sticky food, etc). Scene A1: Hyperactive children pester their mother for a popsicle, but first they must do their chores.Scene A2: A popsicle discusses life in the freezer with his friends Mr. and Mrs. Waffle.Scene A3: A trainee experiences her first day at the Popsicle Factory, working as a writer of lame jokes to be placed on the popsicle stick. Noises, music, cast member gestures, and interaction can take place throughout, helping to transition from one scene to him next. Stage Two: Group Game Whereas the previous scenes may have involved several cast members, Stage two typically involves the entire cast. Note: The games used should be organic. They might be something often seen in improv shows, such as freeze or alphabet; however, the game could also be something spontaneously created, some sort of pattern, activity or scene structure that one cast member generates. the fellow cast members should be able to tell what the new game is, then join in. Stage Three The group game is followed by another series of vignettes. The cast members may choose to broaden or narrow the theme. For example, each scene might explore The History of Popsicles. Scene B1: Popsicles during Cavemen TimesScene B2: Popsicles during the Middle Ages.Scene B3: Popsicles during the Old West. Stage Four Another game is in order, preferably involving the entire cast. This one should be very lively to build the energy for the final portions of the Harold. (In my humble opinion, this is the perfect spot for an improvised musical number but it all depends on Stage Five Finally, the Harold concludes with several more vignettes, hopefully calling back to several of the topics, ideas, even characters that have been explored earlier in the piece. Possible examples (although it seems counter-intuitive to give written out examples of improv ideas!) Scene C1: Caveman experiences worlds first case of brain freeze.Scene C2: Mr. and Mrs. Waffle decide to see other people; she visits the fridge.Scene C3: The Ice Cream Man is on his death bed, and his life flashes before his eyes. If the cast members are clever, which I am sure they are, they could tie the ending with material from the beginning. However, the Harold doesnt need to tie everything together to be fun or successful. A Harold might begin with a specific topic (like popsicles) but drift away too many different subjects, themes, and characters. And thats fine too. Remember, any improv game can be changed to suit the needs of the cast and the audience. Have fun with the Harold!

How to Spot the Scorpius Constellation

How to Spot the Scorpius Constellation The Scorpius constellation glitters against the backdrop of the Milky Way. It has a curvy S-shaped body ending in a set of claws at the head and a pair of stinger stars at the tail. Both northern and southern hemisphere stargazers can see it, although it will look upside down when observed from below the equator. Finding Scorpius Constellation Northern hemisphere summer skies, looking south. Carolyn Collins Petersen In the northern hemisphere, Scorpius is most visible by looking to the south during July and August around 10:00 PM. The constellation remains visible until mid-September. In the southern hemisphere, Scorpio appears very high in the northern part of the sky until close to the end of September. Scorpius has a distinctive shape and thus is fairly easy to spot. Simply look for an S-shaped pattern of stars between the constellations Libra (the scales) and Sagittarius, and below another constellation called Ophiuchus.   History of Scorpius Scorpius has long been recognized as a constellation. Its roots in mythology stretch back to the ancient Babylonians and Chinese, as well as Hindu astrologers and Polynesian navigators. The Greeks associated it with the constellation Orion, and today we often hear the tale of how both constellations are never seen together in the sky. Thats because, in the ancient legends, the scorpion stung Orion, killing him. Keen observers will notice that Orion sets in the east as the scorpion rises, and the two will never  meet.  Ã‚   The Stars of the Scorpius Constellation The official IAU constellation of Scorpius shows the boundaries of the entire region that contains the S-shaped pattern of the scorpion. IAU/Sky Publishing At least 18 bright stars make up the curving body of the starry scorpion. The larger region of Scorpius is defined by the I boundaries set by the International Astronomical Union. These were made by international agreement and allow astronomers to use common references for stars and other objects in all areas of the sky. Within that region, Scorpius has dozens of stars that can be seen with the naked eye, and part of it lies against the backdrop of the Milky Way with its countless stars and clusters.   Each star in Scorpius has a Greek letter next to it in the official star chart. The alpha (ÃŽ ±) denotes the brightest star, beta (ÃŽ ²) the second-brightest star, and so on. The brightest star in Scorpius is ÃŽ ± Scorpii, with the common name of Antares (meaning the rival of Ares (Mars). Its a red supergiant star and is one of the largest stars we can see in the sky. It lies about 550 light-years away from us. If Antares were part of our solar system, it would encompass the inner solar system out beyond the orbit of Mars. Antares is traditionally thought of as the heart of the scorpion and is easy to spot with the naked eye.   Scorpius (upper right) along with Sagittarius (lower left). Notice how the Milky Way makes a backdrop for the two star patterns. The object marked Sag A* is the location of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy. Carolyn Collins Petersen The second-brightest star in Scorpius is actually a triple-star system. The brightest member is called Graffias (alternatively its also called Acrab) and its official designation is ÃŽ ²1 Scorpii. Its two companions are much fainter but can be seen in telescopes. Down at the tail end of Scorpius lies a pair of stars colloquially known as the stingers. The brighter of the two is called gamma Scorpii, or Shaula. The other stinger is called Lesath.   Deep Sky Objects in Constellation Scorpius A selection of deep-sky objects awaits stargazers who search the skies in Scorpius and Sagittarius. Its a great area of the sky to study with binoculars or small telescopes. Carolyn Collins Petersen   Scorpius is on the plane of the Milky Way. Its stinger stars point roughly toward the center of our galaxy, which means that observers can spot many star clusters and nebulae in the region. Some are visible to the naked eye, while others are best observed with binoculars or telescopes. Due to its location near the heart of the galaxy, Scorpius has a fine collection of globular clusters, marked here by yellow circles with symbols inside them. The easiest cluster to spot is called M4. There are also many open clusters in Scorpius, such as NGC 6281, that can be seen with binoculars or small telescopes. Closeup of M4 Globular clusters are satellites of the Milky Way galaxy. They often contain hundreds, thousands, or sometimes millions of stars, all tightly bound together by gravity. M4 orbits the core of the Milky Way and lies about 7,200 light-years away from the Sun. It has around 100,000 ancient stars more than 12 billion years old. This means they were born when the universe was quite young and existed before the Milky Galaxy was formed. Astronomers study these clusters, and in particular, the metal content of their stars to understand more about them.   The globular cluster Messier 4 (M4) lies not too far from the bright star Antares in Scorpius. Carolyn Collins Petersen   For amateur observers, M4 is easy to spot, not far from Antares. From a good dark-sky sight, its just bright enough to be picked out with the naked eye. However, its much easier to observe through binoculars. A good backyard-type telescope will show a very nice view of the cluster.

Control in an Organization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Control in an Organization - Case Study Example Whisemand and Ferguson (2009) proposed a management style called Agile Organization that expands the perception on police forces. The proponent has taken into account years on experience as a police officer before drawing such strategy. Whisemand and Ferguson maintain that police organizations need to define their values. These are the aspects that give justification to their existence and foundations for all police actions. The next part involves the creation of a vision. The vision serves as the operational backbone and leads the force to their plotted goals. Whisemand and Ferguson contend that the vision has to prepare policemen to changes as well as improve the flexibility of the organization. The size of the police force is important in the success of the entity. Whisemand and Ferguson suggest that â€Å"The Rule of 150† (2009, 288) is the best start. Increasing the number of policemen beyond 150 poses several problems especially in the management aspect. Bureaucracy beco mes an issue when there are several chains and subsections. Lean organizations ensure better lateral movement and improvement communication within the organization. Speed often makes or breaks organizations. The pace in which leaders react to important events related to the police for will determine future success. Decision making is critical and such needs to be carried out seamlessly. For most crime victims, justice starts when the police force does their homework and resolves the cases. Moreover, information dissemination has to speed up to improve overall police work. Alternative approaches to managing police organizations require limitless possibilities. This means ending of boundaries within organizations such as making the operation more efficient and leaving by-the-book styles behind. More important, an entity of meritocracy has to be implemented where promotions are not based on connections or in most cases seniority. Most police entities have fixed goals and plans. Whisema nd and Ferguson proposes a brand of management that stretches these goals. The aim of this scheme is to eliminate rigid views and open an avenue of ideas and useful insight. Despite the complex issues facing police organizations, operations need to be done with simplicity. The method of communication has to be concise and delivered with a sense of clarity. In addition, facts and statistics have to be presented in a manner understandable to all stakeholders. At the end of an operating year, there has to be an evaluation done by the management. This involves an appraisal of decisions made and plans put to action. This ensures that past mistakes are prevented and contingency measures are drafted in the future. Also, continuous improvement has to be a theme well embedded among

Anxiety and Negative Emotions in Second Language Acquisition Research Paper

Anxiety and Negative Emotions in Second Language Acquisition - Research Paper Example This eventually ascertains that the acquisition of a second language is invariably dependent on multifaceted dimensions inclusive of neurological to psychological, cognitive to affective factors as a whole (Brown, 1994). During the sixties, Bloom et al (1964) categorized the dimensions of learning into two significant domains - cognitive and effective, suggesting the two most significant and essential components of learning. These are the two primary components that ascertain that there are essentially positive and negative feelings associated with second language acquisition. The positive feelings associated with language acquisition primarily include joy, enthusiasm, satisfaction and warmth (Ehrman, 1996), whereas negative feelings include anxiety, fear and lack of confidence and among which anxiety is perceived as the most incapacitating factor (Horwitz, Horwitz & Cope, 1986; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989; Ehrman, 1996). Researchers like MacIntyre & Gardner (1991) suggest that languag e acquisition anxiety has some specific characteristics and hence can be set apart from other types of anxieties encountered in daily lives. In the demographical analysis of second language acquisition anxiety for ESL students in the US demonstrates that the Mexican students may experience inadequate explicit knowledge as well as social persuasion that may attribute in following a successful model and support from others (Cummins, 1996; Zambrana & Silva-Palacios, 1989). Also, they may perceive anxiety due to the language shock during language learning phase (Olsen, 1997). Among Hispanic Americans, the school drop-out rate is as high as 36%, while the rest 63% is somehow could be able to complete high school either through attainment of Diploma or GED (Kaufman, Kwon, & Klein, 1999), primarily resulted from lack of successful academic models and other vivid understanding. In the US due to the marginalization of Hispanic American Groups, the internalization of negative stereotyping amo ng Mexican ESL students may lead to decline their self-efficacy in the sense of self-confidence in limiting the social persuasion.

The Village Essay Example for Free

The Village Essay The Village is a film about a village where the people live in fear of creatures living in the woods beyond them. It is explained that the villagers have a truce with, as they call them, â€Å"Those We Don’t Speak Of,† where the villagers do not enter their woods, and the creatures do not enter the Villagers’. M. Night Shyamalan illustrates a small society in The Village, of people who are free and protected through the fear of violence, and an imperfect community. To ensure their village is innocent, the elders made sure their children and grandchildren would be protected from violence and greed. By assuring this, the elders made up the creatures and told stories and tales of those killed and harmed by them to make them fear leaving. According to them, the color red was forbidden because it would attract the creatures and bring them into their part of the woods. If anyone was to enter Covington Woods, which was only granted by permission, they would have to wear yellow. The elders and villagers had to sacrifice knowledge of modern resources and medicine. An oath was made years ago in the village that soon was broken when few were told about the make believe creatures. Many of the villagers were affected by the lack of medicine, which caused Noah Percy, who had a mental illness die and Ivy Walker to go into Covington Woods. The villagers believe the creatures will harm them if someone passes the boundaries, although the elders only believe they could be harmed by exposure to the modern world.

Death Penalty :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death penalty or as it is formally called capital punishment should be totally abolished for many reasons. First and foremost no one should have the right to take anyone else’s life, â€Å" neither individually nor as a society representative, has the right to take another man’s life, even apart from the seriousness of his guilt.† (Thinkquest,). Killing is a sin under God. â€Å"Thou shall not kill† is one of the ten commandments. Although not everyone in this country is Christian our constitution was founded on the principle that we are one country under God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history there have been a number of arguments in favor of capital punishment. These arguments include the deterrent argument, the retribution argument and the protection of the public argument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The deterrent argument claims that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to criminals because it instills fear sufficiently to stop criminals. However, statistically this has been found not to be true. â€Å"None of the many studies about the matter has been able to show the death penalty is more deterrent than other punishments.† (EZ,). Most people who commit the most serious crimes do so under unnatural circumstances. Fear is not even present. â€Å" Most serious crimes such as murders†¦are committed when the criminal is blinded with passion, when emotions prevail over reason.† (Collegain,). Even those who plan crimes such as murders do so thinking that they are not going to be discovered. â€Å"Criminologist assert that the best way to discourage murderers isn’t by increasing the severity of punishment but by increasing the possibility of discovering the crime and condemning the culprit.†(Thinkquest,).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retribution as a reason for capital punishment assumes that the public wants revenge. Although victims of crimes and their relatives deserve to know that the criminal is being punished for their crime, our country beliefs in rehabilitation. Penalties do not â€Å"have to tend to the revenge or the mere punishment of the criminal, but must reeducate him and rehabilitate him morally and humanly; and what rehabilitation would be possible towards a dead man.†(EZ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect the public from dangerous criminals it is not necessary to kill them. Again, the idea is that our penal system is supposed to rehabilitate people. In fact, in order to carry out justice and fearing the neglect of details â€Å"and legal means to which the sentenced can apply, protracts trials and postpones the execution, so the condemned its often changed from the man who committed the crime with the result of executing pe3ople different from the condemned ones.

Youth Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Overview and Proposal for National Education Campaign

The following document represents a comprehensive overview of one of the main societal problems in America today: youth substance abuse. Drug and substance abuse among teenagers is substantial.Among youth age 12 to 17, about 1.1 million meet the diagnostic criteria for dependence on drugs, and about 1 million are treated for alcohol dependency.[1] Because of this epidemic we need to institute a more effective national school campaign along with a national health care campaign that will promote education, prevention, early detection, and rehabilitation.Youth substance abuse is a major epidemic currently plaguing the youth and needs to be immediately addressed to protect the future generations of our country. Without an immediate proposal to help eliminate substantial increases in substance abuse, we are setting ourselves up for a sharp decline in a solid civic foundation and substantial increases in health care costs.The research divides itself into six sections covering the social fa ctors that may lead to increased substance abuse, the meaning and experience of illness as related to the changing focus to a health belief model for substance abuse, health care systems and funding on a national level that are aimed at promoting education and rehabilitation of behavior and mental understandingÃ'Ž.Health care providers, providing resources to educate families on youth communication and doctors and nurses on effective mental rehabilitation based on the health belief model, revealing a national education campaign that focuses on physical dangers instead of morality and values violations,   and finally educating youth on health literacy through the national education campaigns.In order to elaborate on more in-depth discussion of substance abuse, first it is important to define our terms. Substance abuse can be defined as an overindulgence in and dependence on a psychoactive leading to effects that are detrimental to the individual's physical health or mental health, or the welfare of others.[2]In a medical sense, if we are to classify substance abuse as an illness, there must be a physiologic dependence on the substance, whereby the person develops a of high amount of tolerance leading to withdrawal symptoms once the substance is removed. Mosby (1998) differentiates between abuse and dependence, stating that both â€Å"are distinct from addiction which involves a compulsion to continue using the substance despite the negative consequences, and may or may not involve chemical dependency.†Ã‚   The textbook definition goes on to state that â€Å"dependence almost always implies abuse, but abuse frequently occurs without dependence, particularly when an individual first begins to abuse a substance. Dependence involves physiological processes while substance abuse reflects a complex interaction between the individual, the abused substance and society.[3]A definition of substance abuse that is frequently cited is that in DSM-IV, the fourth e dition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association.[4] The DSM-IV defines the term as:A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household) Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct   Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerb ated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights)B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance.The government began studying substance use among youth in the mid-70s, and have documented a fluctuation in substance abuse since that time. Interestingly, over the past 5-10 years, the level of substance use has remained relatively stable, yet research suggests that the types of drugs being used among youth are changing.While many young people are using alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs, recent data show an actual decline in substance abuse for the first time in nearly a decade. According to the annual PRIDE survey (National Parents' Resource Institute for Drug Education) , which is the nation's largest independent survey of adolescent drug use and violence, there has been a 12.9% decrease in annual illicit drug use among students in grades 6-12 — the str ongest one year decline in overall drug use since 1990-1991. Alcohol use fell by 6.3 percent to the lowest levels in 12 years and cigarette smoking fell by 15.6% to the lowest levels in 8 years.Youth in grades 6 to 8 reported the most significant reductions, whereas the smallest changes in reported substance use were found at the 12th grade level. Among high school seniors, one in four students report using illegal drugs on a monthly basis and over 8% report daily use. Further, more than 24% of 12th graders report drinking alcohol weekly and 23% smoke cigarettes daily.[5]Another report from a Monitoring the Future Study of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders found similar declines in youth substance use, but also noted increases in the use of MDMA (ecstasy) in each grade along with increases in the use of steroids among 10th graders. [6]Social factors that lead to substance abuse Substance abuse in youth, a problem that may lead to later addiction or substance dependence in adult years, oft en times originates within a social incubator encompassing many specific characteristics that may lead to increased tendencies towards substance abuse.And while no panacea of understanding is claimed in regard to the exact reasons why young people turn to substance abuse, we can look into studies that correlate certain components to an increase in youth substance abuse.   Different social factors that lead to substance abuse affect youth at different stages of their lives. One example is the correlation of aggressive behavior in early childhood to later substance abuse.[1] From the National Institute of Health, 2007 [2] Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Edition 5. (1998) [3] (1998). Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Edition 5.[4]Writings from the American Psychiatric Association   (2006) [5] â€Å"Major Progress in Reducing Teen Drug Use, Cigarette and Alcohol Use, Gun Carrying, According to 13th Pride Survey.† Press Release, Septem ber 5, 2000. http://www.pridesurveys.com/[6] Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. & Schulenberg, J. E. (December 21, 2006). Teen drug use continues down in 2006, particularly among older teens; but use of prescription-type drugs remains high. University of Michigan News and Information Services: Ann Arbor, MI. [On-line]. Available: www.monitoringthefuture.org; accessed MM/DD/YY.

American Jews and their religion

The word Jew is used in a number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, the offspring of a Jewish mother or someone of Jewish origin with roots to Jewish culture or ethnicity. A combination of all these attributes make one a better Jew. Jews are an ethnic group who refer themselves as a people and members of a nation descending from ancient Israelites including those who joined their religion at various times and places. This term is associated with the split of the kingdom of Israel between the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.Of late, the term is used to refer to those Jews actively practicing Judaism and those, although not practicing Judaism as religion still refer themselves as Jews by virtue of their family’s Jewish heritage and their own cultural identification. Judaism as the Jews popular religion has many characteristics, of a religion , a nation, an ethnicity and a culture, making the definition of who is really a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used.As he popular religion among the Jews, Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and beliefs, it has therefore been called a religion and also a way of life. It is due to this reason that the difference between Judaism, Jewish culture and Jewish nationality is very thin. Many times and places such as contemporary United States and Israel, cultural practices have cropped up that are characteristically without being religious at all. These practices have been brought about by factors like interactions of Jews and others around them, the Judaism it self and even from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community,Jews have been subjected to countless mistreatments all over the world leading to their migration from their original homeland e. g. the famous holocaust led by Adolph Hitler and his Nazi regime in German. These mistreatments, which led to their regular migration, have sha ped Jewish identity and Jewish religious participation in many ways. Jews also have a number of ethnic divisions, which includes, the German based Jews, the Spanish – Portugal Jews, Gruzim, and American based Jews, Telegu of India and Buchanan Jews of central among many others.Due to the above-mentioned mistreatments, Jews migrated to many places of the world. Today the Jews in Diaspora make up a large number of the total Jews of the world with United States having 5. 5 million Jews (Jewish people policy institute). The effects of conditions of â€Å"freedom† to Jews in general The book, Social foundation of Judaism by Calvin Goldscheider and Jacob Neusner chapter 8 pages 114 to 145. The social crisis of the freedom seeks to answer the question about the ways in which condition of freedom affects Jews as a group.This book talks about the migration fro Europe origin of (German, Poland and Russia) to thaw United States of America. From the introduction part a number of t his migration. The Jewish immigrants to US firstly settled in enclaves in large cities. This is because they considered themselves as nation within other nations and with time, they would one-day return to the holy land with the coming of the Messiah (Neusner, 125). The first immigrants’ to US formed the first generation of Jews. This first generation was characterized by the speaking of the Yiddish language and limited occupation.The second-generation embraced the notion that Jews like other immigrants must become American and therefore this prompted the de-judaization of all its children. This de-judaization brought about the definition of life as a set of contrasts between ways of Jewish ways of living and everything else on the other side. The second generation did not need schools or youth groups to explain what being a Jew meant instead two educational instruments i. e. memory and experience (Neu, 118). The third generation was contesting to the second generation since they tried to remember what the second generation had wanted to forget.The Jews were affected the anti-Semitism which was taking place around the world and they were made to learn on how and why they were Jews (Neu, 119). The renaissance of articulated and self-conscious Jewish ness along with the renewed search for Judaism was reignited by first, the rise of the state of Israel. The discovery of holocaust and lastly the resurgence of ethnic identification among the grandchildren of immigrant generation. The freedom of Jews was conditional and not only to Jews living in other nations but also Jews living in the homeland of Israel.In 1967, Jews of Israel were threatened by war from the Arab neighbors (pg120). This war popularly known as, the war of â€Å"all ageist one†. Jews all over the world lived under great because experiences of Jewish persecution especially during the holocaust were still fresh in their minds. Worst still the international community seemed not to interf ere to offer any avenue for escape. The effect of all the above freedom conditions led to the assimilation of the Jewish culture and Judaism to cultures of the respective nations offering asylum.The Jewish method of worship changed drastically with new generation members choosing on whether to remain loyal to their Judaism religion or to be loyal to the Jewish culture. In classical Judaism every member of the Jewish culture was expected to live a holy life; saying prayers, learn more about the traditions and do good deeds but. due to conditional freedoms all this changed, with the only requirement of being a Jew being just joining an organization but not personally to effect its purpose (Neus, pg 121) therefore it can be said that as a result of this freedom modernity has overtaken Jews.Even the powers and responsibilities of rabbi have changed from administrators to strictly religious (pg123) rabbi who was formerly a judge, administrator and a holy man has now been left with duties of presiding over religious ceremonies like marriages and funerals. Another very conspicuous effect of conditional freedom was the reconsidering of women as rabbis. Generally, the overall effects of condition of freedom have led to the entry of western European Jews into the society of other nations among which they had lived for generations.This has resulted to the question, what is Jew? Who is Israel? What makes a person a Jew? Are the Jews a religious group? Are they a people or a nation? Thus conditions of have condemned Jews into lingering crisis of group identity (pg125). What is of more importance to America Jews, religion or ethnicity. From the book, it is very clear to me and any other reader of the same book that American Jews like their other counterparts in Diaspora are much more obsessed with ethnicity than religion. This argument can be made meaningful by first defining these two terms.Whereas religion is defined as a set of beliefs and practices, often centered about reality and human nature and often conditioned as ritual or religious law. Ethnic group on the other hand is a group of human beings who identify with each other, usually based on perceived common genealogy or ancestry. Jews whether in US or whichever place initially considered themselves as â€Å"Israel† the people to whom torah had been revealed, now living in exile from their homeland. (pg124). Judaism was their religion.When they came to US, they practiced this religion with utmost faithfulness since wanted to assert they both spiritually and religiously to their newfound society. The classical Judaism demanded that all men and women conform to the will of God. No one was exempted from from following the holy way of living (pg121). Every one was under obligation t observe the Sabbath, say their prayers individually in other words t be a Jew demanded one to perform a hundred holy actions every day. Contrastingly, in modern America to be a Jew requires only to join an orga nization and only be submitting monetary contribution.These funds are used to lure professionals who carry out the duties of the organization. This has prompted the birth of what preachers call â€Å"check book Judaism†. The formation of thse orgaiztions tends to obliterate the effective role of an individual. People join these organizations because they have been convinced that what â€Å"Judaism† expects of them. Jews in America seems to have lost touch with their fathers. His is because initially they saw themselves as anything but holy, they interpreted the things that make them Jewish negatively. They therefore seem to have forgotten why they came into being (pg126).All these differences in their religious approach have been brought abut by modernity. This modernity has been catalyzed by necessity and choice due to the Jews not looking back to inculcate long time virtues. It is true that modern Jews n America are eager to be Jewish – but not too much so. Th ey continue to confront a crisis not merely of identity but commitment, for they do not choose to resolve he dilemma of separateness within an open society (pg127). Of importance to them is that they are standing in the threshold of a long period assimilation into modern culture and facing a lingering identity crisis.The importance of ethnicity to Jews is confirmed by their joining of Zionist movements. This movement enhanced the unification of Jews as a people whose foundation lies in the unity of their concern for Zion, devotion to building the land and establishing Jewish sovereignty in it. Their destiny was shaped with their confirming emotional and social commitment to Jewish group hood or separateness and therefore the subsequent creation of a nation. The holy people of Israel who migrated to US because the â€Å"American Jewish community† who in the first place were unsure of what Jewish meant.This lingering crisis of self-definition, characteristic of modern men and w omen marks the Jews a utterly modern and secular and thus not religious (pg132). The archaic â€Å"holy people† has been rendered obsolete by events, its place stands rather different phenomena that manifests into Jews, a different, separate group, and they claim that difference is destiny. American Jews therefore are much engrossed with reasserting themselves in a society whereby they are perceived as a minority group. Ethnicity is what matters to them now and religion follows later. references: Social foundations of Judaism, by Calvin Goldscheiner and Jacob Neusner.

Loanwords and Calques

Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques Loanwords and Calques By Maeve Maddox A loanword comes more or less as is from one language to another. English abounds in them. For example: Latin: agenda, index, memorandum German: angst, blitz, bratwurst French: accident, chef, fierce Italian: concerto, pizza, scenario Japanese: bonsai, haiku, karaoke A calque [kÄÆ'lk] is an expression borrowed by way of literal translation from one language into another. For example: blue-blood: noble birth from Spanish sangre azul. The veins of the pure-blooded Spanish aristocrat, whose ancestry contained no Moorish admixture, were believed to be bluer than those of mixed ancestry (Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable). Devils advocate: one who advocates the opposing side from Latin advocatus diaboli). From the Roman Catholic canonization process in which reasons against canonization are presented by a designated devils advocate. flea market, a place selling secondhand goods, from French marchà © aux puces. Perhaps from the idea that old clothing may contain fleas. gospel, the teachings of the Christian New Testament. The literal meaning of the Old English word godspel was good news, a literal translation of Latin bona adnuntiatio, a translation of Gk. euangelion, reward for bringing good news. masterpiece: A work of outstanding artistry or skill from Dutch meesterstuk, the work that proved that a craftsman was ready to be a master of his craft. German has Meisterstà ¼ck. wisdom tooth: The hindmost molar tooth on each side of both upper and lower jaws in man, usually ‘cut’ about the age of twenty from Latin dentes sapientià ¦, from Greek sophronisteres, from sophron prudent, self-controlled. Hippocrates called them that because wisdom teeth usually appear at adulthood (17-25 years). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

Amy Tan’s A Mother’s Tongue

Amy Tan 's mother' s tongue, Amy Tan 's article Native Mother is aimed to show how hard it is when a person is raised by Tan' s mother who said one parent is limited English I am doing. Other people are disliking others. As Tan 's primary caregiver, her mother was an important part of her childhood, and she had a strong influence on how to write Tan. I grew up with her mother, she realized that the recognition of the human world primarily depends on the language spoken at home. Tale of Amy Tan Native language Today, many Americans speak English as the first language. But what makes us stand out is that it is difficult to find two people who speak exactly the same English. This is the discussion Amy Tan proposed in her mother tongue. As the first generation Asian American, Tan moved from China to Auckland, California and became a famous writer. - Amy Tan's Mother's Tongue Amy Tan's article Native Mother is how hard it is when people are raised by Tan's mother who said parents of limit ed English (36) brought up It aims to show. It may lead people to be badly judged by others. As Tan 's primary caregiver, her mother is an important part of her childhood, and she has a great influence on Tan' s composition style. The mother tongue of Amy Tan is in her mother tongue and Amy Tan talks about how language affects her life as she grows up. Through her sorrow, she explained her experience with her mother and Chinese to the audience, understand what she wants to do and what she wants to write. Author Tan wrote the book The Joy Luck Club and The Wife of The Kitchen God. She is an Asian American and my parents are from China, but I moved to Oakland, California. - English is an invisible door. Immigrants are outsiders. Native speaker is a gatekeeper. Regardless of whether the door is open or not, it is the responsibility of a broken English user to rely on their view. Sadly, as Tan's mother discussed in her article Native Language, in most cases the door is closed. Before th ey knew her, people treated her mother due to her wrong English. Tan sympathizes with his mother and other immigrants The article entitled 'Native language' by Amy Tan ended with her remarks. I know that I succeeded when my mother completed my book and made judgments that I can understand. (39) This article focuses on the prejudice of Amy and her mother. As she said that English was inappropriate, Erie 's mother was despised by her life. As she is Chinese, Amy protects her mother's broken English, her family's simple English becomes an intimate language, and it has become a different kind of English related to family conversation (36 ). She rarely knows that it is not only English in fact. Amy Tan provided enough resources to display more content.

INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Assignment Essay

INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Assignment - Essay Example While on the other hand, the idea of human rights has emerged from the need for universal respect of human beings freedom, dignity and equality. It has evolved over the period to support for individual from oppression and provide an equal chance to develop their potential to take advantage of different opportunities (Donnelly, 1989). Human Rights and Intellectual Property rights (IPR) have gained widespread discussion during the last two decades. Various stakeholders who have vested interests have furiously argued for their rights. The goals of the proponents of both the parties are somehow inversely related. Stereotypical views have been formed both about human and intellectual property rights. The advocates of human rights assert that the only way to achieve the goals of access to food, health and education is through eliminating most of the intellectual property rights (Lutheran World Federation, 2000). While on the other hand, a mindset has been developed that promotes that by on ly expanding the intellectual property rights, we can provide incentives for innovation which will address the concerns of fundamental human rights (Weissbrodt & Schoff, 2008). The relationship between human rights and intellectual property rights can be analyzed from two aspects. ... Therefore, this relationship can only be analyzed if we have a thorough understanding of the scope of both the rights. The existing human rights do not categorically refer to the intellectual property rights; however, there are certain provisions within the human right treaties which can be considered to be relevant to intellectual property rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which was adopted in 1948 has certain provisions which are important points to be considered. The Article 27.2 states that â€Å"Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author† (United Nations, 2007). Similarly, the right to property is also stressed in the Article 17 of UDHR which states that everyone has the right to own property and no one shall be deprived of his property. In addition to that, the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (ICSECR) established in 1966 is also one of the vital tool through which we can assess the relationship between Intellectual Property & Economic Rights. International rights although increase the scope of relationship between these two rights but there are some regional human rights which contains clauses pertaining to property rights. The Article 21.1 of American Convention on Human Rights of 1969 states that everyone is entitled to the right to use and enjoyment of his property but it further enforces that â€Å"The law may subordinate such use and enjoyment to the interest of society† (Sinjela, 2007). Similarly, the African Charter on Human Rights which was adopted in 1981 also enforces that â€Å"The right to the property shall be